Originally Posted by Jackalope

The easiest thing would be to just stop selling cars in Cali.

Ef em all! Let em ride bikes!

Originally Posted by SilverStreak

Sorry... but as a student of Envorinmental Studies... global warming is a real thing... but I'll agree... CARB regulations aren't doing anything to help the case... I hope they do overturn it...

Originally Posted by Distortedcloud

hooray for global warming!!! I'm tired of long winters and only having 3 months of summer.

Originally Posted by HunterKiller89

yeah, too bad us californians make up ...1/10th? of the USAs population...we have the 4th largest economy in the world (ranking in countries)

as for warming...its natural..were just helping it along...

and for emissions....does that mean no more cats? finally more HP?

Originally Posted by Sp00ner

According to NOAA, you had one of the warmest winters ever recorded in NY last year...

http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories...2006-temps.jpg

Originally Posted by red_wing_2121

Global warming has been proven to not be caused by vehicle emissions so much as it is a natural warming of the Earth's climate.

Think about it: Before the ice age, Earth was warm. After an ice age, the Earth will naturally warm up again (which is what it is currently doing). There are speculations that Earth will be sent into another ice age in the future continuing this cycle of warming and cooling.

Maybe people who believe that it is emissions only should do more research before spouting off propoganda they heard from people with one-sided points of views.

Originally Posted by Jackalope

That was ment as a joke.

Originally Posted by HunterKiller89

oh i know...im just feelin some CA pride..haha

Originally Posted by CTCOBALTSSS

So they are suing Cali for trying to help the environment considering LA is the smog capitol of the world? That makes a lot of sense! WTF?

Originally Posted by red_wing_2121

Global warming has been proven to not be caused by vehicle emissions so much as it is a natural warming of the Earth's climate.

Think about it: Before the ice age, Earth was warm. After an ice age, the Earth will naturally warm up again (which is what it is currently doing). There are speculations that Earth will be sent into another ice age in the future continuing this cycle of warming and cooling.

Maybe people who believe that it is emissions only should do more research before spouting off propoganda they heard from people with one-sided points of views.

Originally Posted by National Geographic

Over the last century the average temperature has climbed about 1 degree Fahrenheit (0.6 of a degree Celsius) around the world.

The spring ice thaw in the Northern Hemisphere occurs 9 days earlier than it did 150 years ago, and the fall freeze now typically starts 10 days later.

The 1990s was the warmest decade since the mid-1800s, when record-keeping started. The hottest years recorded: 1998, 2002, 2003, 2001, and 1997.

• The multinational Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) report recently concluded that in Alaska, western Canada, and eastern Russia, average temperatures have increased as much as 4 to 7 degrees Fahrenheit (3 to 4 degrees Celsius) in the past 50 years. The rise is nearly twice the global average. In Barrow, Alaska (the U.S.'s northernmost city) average temperatures are up over 4 degrees Fahrenheit (2.5 to 3 degrees Celsius) in 30 years.

The United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projects that global temperatures will rise an additional 3 to10 degrees Fahrenheit (1.6 to 5.5 degrees Celsius) by century's end.

• Over the last million years the Earth has fluctuated between colder and warmer periods. The shifts have occurred in roughly 100,000-year intervals thought to be regulated by sunlight. Earth's sunlight quota depends upon its orbit and celestial orientation.

But changes have also occurred more rapidly in the past—and scientists hope that these changes can tell us more about the current state of climate change. During the last ice age, approximately 70,000 to 11,500 years ago, ice covered much of North America and Europe—yet sudden, sometimes drastic, climate changes occurred during the period. Greenland ice cores indicate one spike in which the area's surface temperature increased by 15 degrees Fahrenheit (9 degrees Celsius) in just 10 years

Originally Posted by kyyankee

On CNN they said the feds gave the go ahead for the automakers to sue California over the CARB rules since it is up to the feds to regulate vehicle emissions.

Originally Posted by superSS/SC

You have no CLUE what you are talking about.

LA isn't even in the top 5 for smoggiest cities in the world.

Cali is getting sued for being too strict on motorists and manufacturers just to make more money, when they have NO REASON TO.

Originally Posted by CTCOBALTSSS

Actually I do have a clue as to what i'm talking about. Do some research before you contradict me. Here is proof. It's actually number one on the list. How do you feel? Why sue a state that's trying to be cleaner and not be the #1 smogiest city? (Yeah that makes a lot of sense)

http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/04/28/air.pollution/

Most Smog
1. Los Angeles, California
2. Visalia-Porterville, California
3. Bakersfield, California
4. Fresno, California
5. Houston, Texas
6. Merced, California
7. Sacramento, California
8. Hanford, California
9. Knoxville, Tennessee
10. Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas

Here is another site for 2006. Gee LA is #1 on the list. Click on "Click here for the ten most polluted U.S. cities".

http://www.forbes.com/logistics/2006...21pollute.html

Originally Posted by CTCOBALTSSS

So they are suing Cali for trying to help the environment considering LA is the smog capitol of the world? That makes a lot of sense! WTF?

Originally Posted by superss/sc

You have no CLUE what you are talking about.

LA isn't even in the top 5 for smoggiest cities in the world.

Cali is getting sued for being too strict on motorists and manufacturers just to make more money, when they have NO REASON TO.

Originally Posted by Sp00ner

People can stick their head in the sand, or they can look at the 800 lb gorilla in the room...

Originally Posted by Sp00ner

Who's spouting propaganda? That would imply that it's false information meant only to scare people. Which it isn't. Your first statement is propaganda, since no actual proof of ANYTHING has been handed down from anyone. Only circumstancial evidence. Your 3rd statement is nothing more than a standardized ad-hominem attack, which only further goes to weaken this particular logical fallacy. Your second statement is little more than a quick summary of a million years of earth history.

Facts:


^---- These are facts. This doesn't prove anything one way or another, but they keep mounting. People can stick their head in the sand, or they can look at the 800 lb gorilla in the room...

Originally Posted by Wikipedia

Little Ice Age
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling occuring after a warmer era known as the Medieval climate optimum. Climatologists and historians find it difficult to agree on either the start or end dates of this period. Some confine the Little Ice Age to 1550-1850, lasting approximately from the 14th to the mid-19th centuries while others prefer a span from the 13th to 17th centuries. It is generally agreed that there were three minima, beginning about 1650, about 1770, and 1850, each separated by slight warming intervals [1].
The reconstructed depth of the Little Ice Age varies between different studies.
Enlarge
The reconstructed depth of the Little Ice Age varies between different studies.

It was initially believed that the LIA was a global phenomenon; it is now less clear that this is true. (See Medieval climate optimum). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), based on Bradley and Jones, 1993; Hughes and Diaz, 1994; Crowley and Lowery, 2000 describes the LIA as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C, and says current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this timeframe, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries [2]. There is evidence, however, that the Little Ice Age did affect the Southern Hemisphere (see below).
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Dating of the Little Ice Age
* 2 Northern Hemisphere
o 2.1 Depictions of winter in European painting
o 2.2 Depictions of winter in American painting
* 3 Southern Hemisphere
* 4 Climate patterns
* 5 Causes
o 5.1 Solar activity
o 5.2 Volcanic activity
* 6 End of Little Ice Age
* 7 See also
* 8 External links
* 9 Reference

[edit]

Dating of the Little Ice Age

There is no agreed beginning year to the Little Ice Age, although there are a frequently referenced series of events preceding the known climatic minima. Starting in the 13th century, pack ice began advancing southwards in the North Atlantic, as well as glaciers in Greenland. The three years of torrential rains beginning in 1315 ushered in an era of unpredictable weather in Northern Europe which did not lift until the 19th century. There is anecdotal evidence of expanding glaciers almost worldwide, but a climate reconstruction based on glacial length [3] shows no great variation from 1600 to 1850, though it shows strong retreat thereafter.

For this reason, scholars tend to use any of several dates ranging over 400 years for the beginning of the Little Ice Age:

* 1250 for when Atlantic pack ice began to grow
* 1300 for when warm summers stopped being dependable in Northern Europe
* 1315 for the rains and Great Famine of 1315-1317
* 1550 for theorized beginning of worldwide glacial expansion
* 1650 for the first climatic minimum

In contrast to its vague beginning, there is an almost undisputed consensus that the end of the Little Ice Age was in the mid-19th century.
[edit]

Northern Hemisphere
A Scene On the Ice Hendrick Avercamp (1585-1634), The Netherlands; inspired by the harsh winter of 1608. Note that scenes like this, although now considered "typical" of the LIA, were only painted during 1565-1665.
Enlarge
A Scene On the Ice Hendrick Avercamp (1585-1634), The Netherlands; inspired by the harsh winter of 1608. Note that scenes like this, although now considered "typical" of the LIA, were only painted during 1565-1665.

The Little Ice Age brought bitterly cold winters to many parts of the world, but is most thoroughly documented in Europe and North America. In the mid-17th century, glaciers in the Swiss Alps advanced, gradually engulfing farms and crushing entire villages. The River Thames and the canals and rivers of the Netherlands often froze over during the winter, and people skated and even held frost fairs on the ice. The first Thames freeze was in 1607; the last in 1814, although changes to the bridges affected the river flow and hence the possibility of freezes. The freeze of the Golden Horn and the southern section of Bosphorus took place in 1622. The winter of 1794/95 was particularly harsh when the French invasion army under Pichegru could march on the frozen rivers of the Netherlands, whilst the Dutch fleet was fixed in the ice in Den Helder harbour. In the winter of 1780, New York Harbor froze, allowing people to walk from Manhattan to Staten Island. Sea ice surrounding Iceland extended for miles in every direction, closing that island's harbors to shipping.

The severe winters affected human life in ways large and small. The population of Iceland fell by half, and the Viking colonies in Greenland died out. In North America, American Indians formed leagues in response to food shortages [4].

"In many years, snowfall was much heavier than recorded before or since, and the snow lay on the ground for many months longer than it does today [5]." Many springs and summers were outstandingly cold and wet, although there was great variability between years and groups of years. Crop practices throughout Europe had to be altered to adapt to the shortened, less reliable growing season, and there were many years of death and famine (such as the Great Famine of 1315-1317, although this may have been before the LIA proper). Viticulture entirely disappeared from some northern regions. Violent storms caused massive flooding and loss of life. Some of these resulted in permanent losses of large tracts of land from the Danish, German, and Dutch coasts [6].

The extent of mountain glaciers had been mapped by the late 1800s. In both the north and the south temperate zones of our planet, snowlines (the boundaries separating zones of net accumulation from those of net ablation) were about 100 m lower than they were in 1975 [7]. In Glacier National Park, the last episode of glacier advance came in the late 18th and early 19th century [8]. In Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, large temperature excursions during the Little Ice Age (~1400-1900 AD) and the Medieval Warm Period (~800-1300 AD) possibly related to changes in the strength of North Atlantic thermohaline circulation [9].

In Ethiopia and Mauritania, permanent snow was reported on mountain peaks at levels where it does not occur today. Timbuktu, an important city on the trans-Saharan caravan route, was flooded at least 13 times by the Niger River; there are no records of similar flooding before or since. In China, warm weather crops, such as oranges, were abandoned in Jiangxi Province, where they had been grown for centuries. In North America, the early European settlers also reported exceptionally severe winters. For example, in 1607-8 ice persisted on Lake Superior until June [10].

The Little Ice Age can be seen in the art of the time; for example, snow dominates many village-scapes by the Flemish painter Pieter Brueghel the Younger, who lived from 1564 to 1638.

Another famous person to live during the LIA was Antonio Stradivari, a violin maker. The colder climates of the time caused the wood from the trees he used to be denser; the superb tone of Stradivari's creations has been partially attributed to this. However, critics of this theory point out that many violin makers who used the same wood that Stradivari used failed to attain similar perfections of tone in their instruments, and that the violins Stradivari made from broad-ringed wood are tonally equal to his dense-wood creations.
[edit]

Depictions of winter in European painting

Burroughs (Weather, 1981) analyses the depiction of winter in paintings. He notes that this occurred almost entirely from 1565 to 1665, and was associated with the climatic decline from 1550 onwards. He notes that before this there were almost no depictions of winter in art, and hypothesises that the unusually harsh winter of 1565 inspired great artists to depict highly original images, and the decline in such paintings was a combination of the "theme" having been fully explored, and mild winters interrupting the flow of painting.

The famous winter paintings by Pieter Brueghel the Elder (e.g. Hunters in the Snow) all appear to have been painted in 1565. Burroughs states that Pieter Brueghel the Younger "slavishly copied his father's designs. The derivative nature of so much of this work makes it difficult to draw any definite conclusions about the influence of the winters between 1570 and 1600...". Dutch painting of the theme appears to begin with Avercamp after the winter of 1608. There is then an interruption of the theme between 1627 and 1640, with a sudden return thereafter; this hints at a milder interlude in the 1630s. The 1640s to the 1660s cover the major period of Dutch winter painting, which fit with the known proportion of cold winters then.

The final decline in winter painting, around 1660, does not coincide with an amelioration of the climate; Burroughs therefore cautions against trying to read too much into artistic output, since fashion plays a part. He notes that winter painting recurs around the 1780s and 1810s, which again marked a colder period.
[edit]

Depictions of winter in American painting
Washington Crossing the Delaware, by Emanuel Leutze, 1851 , Metropolitan Museum
Enlarge
Washington Crossing the Delaware, by Emanuel Leutze, 1851 , Metropolitan Museum

By far, one of the most famous American paintings is that of George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River during the winter of 1776-1777. While many heroic depictions like these have been cited as overly zealous, this famous painting by Emanuel Leutze is remarkably accurate to the environment, crossing an icepack. Today the Delaware River, being located at the 38th to 42nd parallel north, rarely freezes.
[edit]

Southern Hemisphere

An ocean sediment core from the eastern Bransfield Basin, Antarctic Peninsula shows centennial events that the authors link to the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period [11], although "Other unexplained climatic events comparable in duration and amplitude to the LIA and MWP events also appear."

The LIA is hard to distinguish in the Quelccaya Ice Cap (Peruvian Andes, South America) [12]

The Siple Dome (SD) has a climate event with an onset time that is coincident with that of the LIA in the North Atlantic based on a correlation with the GISP2 record. This event is the most dramatic climate event seen in the SD Holocene glaciochemical record [13]. The Siple Dome ice core also contained its highest rate of melt layers (up to 8%) between 1550 and 1700, most likely due to warm summers during the LIA. [14]

Law Dome ice cores show lower levels of CO2 mixing ratios during 1550-1800 A.D., probably as a result of colder global climate [15].

Sediment cores (Gebra-1 and Gebra-2) in Bransfield Basin, Antarctic Peninsula, have neoglacial indicators by diatom and sea-ice taxa variations during the period of the LIA [16].

In 1836, snow fell in the city centre of Sydney, Australia, the only time since European settlement in 1788 that this has occurred.

Tropical Pacific coral records indicate the most frequent, intense ENSO activity occurred in the mid-17th century, during the Little Ice Age [17].
[edit]

Climate patterns

In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age nearly 12,000 years ago show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1-2ºC (2-4°F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so. The most recent of these cooling events was the Little Ice Age. These same cooling events are detected in sediments accumulating off Africa, but the cooling events appear to be larger, ranging between 3-8ºC (6-14°F) [18].
[edit]

Causes

Scientists have identified two causes of the Little Ice Age from outside the ocean/atmosphere/land systems: decreased solar activity and increased volcanic activity. Research is ongoing on more ambiguous influences such as internal variability of the climate system, and anthropogenic influence (Ruddiman). Ruddiman has speculated that depopulation of Europe during the Black Death, with the resulting decrease in agricultural output and reforestation taking up more carbon from the atmosphere, may have prolonged the Little Ice Age [19].

One of the difficulties in identifying the causes of the Little Ice Age is the lack of consensus on what constitutes "normal" climate. While some scholars regard the LIA as an unusual period caused by a combination of global and regional changes, other scientists see glaciation as the norm for the Earth and the Medieval Warm Period (as well as the Holocene interglacial period) as the anomalies requiring explanation (Fagan).
[edit]

Solar activity
Solar activity events recorded in radiocarbon.
Enlarge
Solar activity events recorded in radiocarbon.

During the period 1645–1715, right in the middle of the Little Ice Age, solar activity as seen in sunspots was extremely low, with some years having no sunspots at all. This period of low sunspot activity is known as the Maunder Minimum. The precise link between low sunspot activity and cooling temperatures has not been established, but the coincidence of the Maunder Minimum with the deepest trough of the Little Ice Age is suggestive of such a connection [20]. The Spörer Minimum has also been identified with a significant cooling period during the Little Ice Age. Other indicators of low solar activity during this period are levels of carbon-14 and beryllium-10 [21]. The low solar activity is also well documented in astronomical records. Astronomers in both Europe and Asia documented a decrease in the number of visible solar spots during this time period.
[edit]

Volcanic activity

Throughout the Little Ice Age, the world also experienced heightened volcanic activity. When a volcano erupts, its ash reaches high into the atmosphere and can spread to cover the whole earth. This ash cloud blocks out some of the incoming solar radiation, leading to worldwide cooling that can last up to two years after an eruption. Also emitted by eruptions is sulfur in the form of SO2 gas. When this gas reaches the stratosphere, it turns into sulfuric acid particles, which reflect the sun's rays, further reducing the amount of radiation reaching the earth's surface. The 1815 eruption of Tambora in Indonesia blanketed the atmosphere with ash; the following year, 1816, came to be known as the Year Without A Summer, when frost and snow were reported in June and July in both New England and Northern Europe.
[edit]

End of Little Ice Age

Beginning around 1850, the world's climate began warming again and the Little Ice Age may be said to have come to an end at that time. Some global warming skeptics believe that the Earth's climate is still recovering from the Little Ice Age and that human activity is not a decisive factor in present temperature trends. There is a wide debate among climate scientists, however, whether the present sharp upturn in temperatures is caused primarily by the increased proportion of CO2 in the atmosphere caused by human activity.

Originally Posted by CTCOBALTSSS

Nice info.......from April 18, 2003. Your info is old bro. Like over 3 years old.

Listen jack off, 7 out of the top 10 most polluted cities are in California. This has been my point since the first post.
Why sue a state that is trying to clean up and not have 7 of the top 10 most polluted cities?

Answer the question.